Philosophy Books
Related Subjects: Linguistics Semiotics European Philosophy American Philosophy
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Interesting readReview Date: 2006-05-02
Challenging inquiresReview Date: 2002-06-25
The real meat of the book are "inquiries"; examples of ethical problems for the reader to work. They also promote a vague uneasiness of how difficult some of these short scenarios are. The uneasiness is useful and caused me to think deeper about the dilemmas. Students who are used to memorization, or looking for a "correct answer" may be frustrated. This book is not about the history of ethics (and that chapter is perhaps too sparse), or ethical theory, but about the process of thinking. My own desire for more worked samples, may indicate my uneasiness and search for a crutch of a supplied answer. I would urge also each professional reader, to look at his own professional organization's code of ethics, in light of possible scenarios that may be encountered.
A splended, and marvelous book on ethicsReview Date: 2000-02-03
Thinking Critically About Ethical IssuesReview Date: 2005-09-14
leaves much to be desired, but good for beginners.Review Date: 2005-10-17
- The overview of philosophical thinkers is absurdly short.
- The history of ethics is also woefully abrubt.
+ it's fairly easy to read.
- lacks depth of analysis, contains strawman argument, circular logic, and other logical flaws.
- author insists on existance absolutes
- author frequently mixes up the meanings of ethics and morality.
Ruggiero focuses on pro-western attitudes, Christians, and christian apologists in the formation of his theories. He quotes studies out of context and uses rediculous extremes to underline 'grey areas' of argument. Often times the 'challenges' or questions in his text are flatly one sided or all too easy to answer.
I view this as a high school level text, wholly inadequate for college use, and decidedly biased.
Nevertheless, it's a good starting point for someone young and curious about ethics. I don't think it ever hurts to consider viewpoints, even faulty ones. Though I agree with much of the thrust of ethical position/slant of the text, I bridle at the abuse of logic and the strained conclusions.
Always be on the lookout for strawman argument, argument by anecdote, and appeal to emotions. These are huge logical flaws which destroy any argument no matter how well intended.

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Taking Sides reviewReview Date: 2007-10-19
Great Debate!Review Date: 2007-07-18

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YIKESReview Date: 2001-01-24
A better book?Review Date: 2002-02-19
A brilliant book!!Review Date: 1999-09-16
A Very Good Mid-Range Cost Text-BookReview Date: 2001-01-27

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One of the basic textsReview Date: 2004-05-06
In other words.....Review Date: 2005-02-03
Seminal Sociological TextReview Date: 2008-04-12
The process is a dialectic from externalizing structures of understanding reality that create order. These are then apprehended as objects by others and internalized. From this internalization new structures will then emerge as the process continues. Epistemologically, this process is then regulated in terms of plausibility and legitimation. As structures of order are created, different ways of knowing and understanding the world are made plausible and thus different forms of knowledge are seen as legitimate ways of understanding and maintaining order in the world. The end of this process is to make the world a habitable place by mitigating the effects of disorder or "anomy".
The last piece on secularization traces the division of the numinous reality of God and the spiritual things of God and the physical structures of experience. This begins in the radical division between Yahweh and Israel, is re-united in medieval Catholicism, and then re-divided in Protestantism. Rationalism in the Nineteenth century then creates a challenge where theology is forced to define itself against a more plural environment where the plausibility of religious dogma is challenged by other equally plausible structures of reality. Maintaining these religious plausibility structures is legitimated in terms of marketing their respective value rather than assuming that one's dogma must be true in itself.
Berger closes with the state of this process in the late 1960's where theology was in the process of coming out of the neo-orthodox reassertion of the otherness of God and primacy of Scripture and investing itself with psychological and existential legitimation. He uses Tillich as an example of this.
It is important for theologians to understand that in the process of doctrinal analysis and synthesis, that theology is relative to social constructions that shape doctrine by virtue of being human. The tendency is to mask theology as some discipline which is beyond the reproach of answering the challenge of what we can observe empirically. This is not the case is theology is a discipline that can develop and progress as do other disciplines in the field of what humans can know and understand about the world and themselves.
Religious StudiesReview Date: 2005-02-26
Those interested in the modern, g-d-free, clean shiny secular religious studies will find a useful text here.
Those complaining about his lingistic machinations simply have not been plunged into the rather absurdity that populates the majority of religious studies. It is not an "easy read" as one would read say non-fiction for enjoyment, but, by far, much more lucid and approachable than other writers.
Sociological Impression of ReligionReview Date: 2003-12-29
Berger's sociological approach to religion, although incomplete, is insightful. He attempts and, I believe, somewhat succeeds to find a middle ground between ideational and materialistic approaches to the sociology of religion. His focus remains consistently throughout the human agency in the construction of their social reality and how this reality becomes objectified and subsequently becomes reified as an immovable, impenetrable `thing' which is perceived as superhuman-and more specifically, the role of religion in facilitating and sustaining this very process. From here, he moves on to the nature of this dynamic in modern societies, secularism and pluralism being shorthand for this, and the problems of social legitimation this entails.
Overall, this work is too cursory and pithy to be too satisfying for those who desire a robust sociology of religion. As Berger states, it was not his intention to provide this. Rather, one finds an exploration of how his prior work could be applied to the sociological study of religion.

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Book PurchaseReview Date: 2008-02-08
Great Book on TeachingReview Date: 2007-09-27
reviewReview Date: 2006-03-03
Holler for MichieReview Date: 2006-05-11
As a teacher, I found Michie's book inspiring. Although the time line, at points, is difficult to follow, I sincerely enjoyed the honest approach of the book. As a result of reading this text, I decided to spend more one on one time with some of my students. Michie, with the help if a reverend-like teacher, starts to look past the "gangster" in order to find the student inside. I thought that maybe I had been judging some of my most challenging students too quickly. Have I been subconsciously treating the students who I know to be involved in more trouble differently? Have I been ignoring kids because I think that "they don't care anyway"? I tried to put my feeling aside and at least talk to some of the students whom I found troublesome. Every day last week, I invited a new kid to eat lunch with me. Even if I could not be the extra-curricular, field trip-loving Michie, I could at least try something! With a few, I found immediate results. It seemed to me, that their classroom antics were a cry for my attention, and an individual conference was the perfect medicine. One child in particular, asked to have lunch with me again, and I complied. When he began misbehaving in class later on that afternoon, all it took was a sideways glance of disappointment, and he was back on track. This small simple strategy may seem obvious to many (and it was to me, I just never did it!), but it really worked. I do not think that I would have made an effort to spend quality time with my "problem" children if I had not read this book.
Holla' back!Review Date: 2005-11-02

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The Author Does Not Make Her CaseReview Date: 2008-08-20
Deborah Stone's premise is that government should act like the Samaritan toward its citizens. I agree with her. This has been the Democratic Party's calling since Roosevelt's New Deal. Stone contrasts the Samaritan's actions with the Republican position of laissez faire economics. Unfortunately Stone does a poor job of explaining why it benefits everyone for government to help those in need, other than saying that it helps the needy be better citizens.
Much of the book is anecdotal evidence that helping others also benefits the helper. Stone focuses on individuals who do the right thing and feel good about themselves as a result. In one offensive section she glorifies people who committ welfare fraud as doing what is best for their families. She also makes heros of people who committ Medicare fraud as caregivers who do what is best for their patients. Stone paints these types of civil disobedience as altruistic.
Stone's cure for our currently inadequate system is government insurance for all life events that leave people unable to provide for themselves. Stone also talks about empowering citizens with programs such as affirmative action and Head Start.
I wish Stone's book had spent less time describing individual acts of altruism and more time delving into exactly how the government insurance would work. How will it be paid for? How can services be streamlined so that the use of each dollar is maximized? How can abuse of these programs be prevented? And how do we service the immense number of people who fall through the cracks of current government programs? The details on how to fix "The Samaritan's Dilemma" are too sketchy to make this book worthwhile.

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Buy it for the introsReview Date: 2007-12-17

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(For critics of Waltz state centric theory)Review Date: 2008-04-15
still the best intro to the levels of analysis issue in IRReview Date: 2008-01-10
To briefly summarize Waltz's images, the "first image" is about human nature. Human-nature accounts explain war by analyzing the common characteristics (or defects) of human beings. These theories tend to attribute war to an "ultimate cause" that derives from human nature: "the root of all evil is man, and thus he is himself the root of the specific evil, war," (3). Waltz's problem with searching for an "ultimate cause," however, is that ultimate causes frequently turn out to be the cause of everything. Therefore, Waltz criticized theories that explain war through human nature by arguing that human nature is the cause of as many good (and benign) things as evil ones (39).
The "second image" is about the characteristics of states: "the idea that defects in states cause wars among them," (83). Waltz analyzes several state-level accounts of war and peace some of which are very fashionable today, such as the peaceful nature of democracies and peaceful impact of free trade. The notion here is similar to the first image, if "bad" states (such as non-democratic or interventionist) can be erased then there will be no war (119). However, Waltz notes that there is no guarantee that good states will not revert to war. Waltz rejects state-level theories that would rely "on the generalization of one pattern of state and society to bring peace to the world," (122).
The "third image" is the international system. The absence of a world government renders the international system an anarchical one; and "in anarchy there is automatic harmony," (160). Thus, wars occur "because there is nothing to prevent them," (232). Waltz tends to view third image as the most important account of war among nations. Yet unlike in his later theorizing, he underlines the importance of the other two images: "we still have to look to motivation and circumstance in order to explain individual acts," (231). Hence, multiple levels of analysis.
My personal view on the levels of analysis question is that among the three different levels from which IR scholars approached to the study of conflict among states, state-level approach has been the most productive and helpful in terms of accounting for the conflict among states and providing us clues as to how to reduce or manage them. Thus, I do not share Waltz's inclination to the third image in Man, the State, and War. Yet in the final analysis, any single level is incomplete by itself. Waltz's Man, the State, and War is important for being the first to analyze the philosophical foundations of each levels of analysis and to argue the complementary relationship among them. "The real problem of IR scholars," Lipson observed, is "to integrate choice and structure," (1884, p. 20). And a successful integration of choice and structure inevitably requires making use of systemic as well as state-level theories. Indeed, this is the current trend in both theoretical approaches (Moravcsik 1997; Gilpin 2001) to and empirical analyses (Huth 1996) of international relations.
A core international relations textReview Date: 2007-10-22
Essentially, Waltz uses three `images' to attempt to explain why states go to war. These images are, briefly, i) human nature, ii) the nature of states and iii) the state system, and he concludes that while all three levels are important, that it is the state system (ie that it is anarchical) that causes states to go to war.
Like all theories in IR, this one assists in building a picture of how and why states behave, but it is not a stand alone theory of state behaviour. No matter whether your beliefs are realist, liberal or strongly Marxist in describing states, this book adds an important element into the mix.
There's a reason it's a classicReview Date: 2004-12-03
Still worth reading after all these yearsReview Date: 2007-06-16
The book proceeds in a linear fashion. First, he examines the variety of arguments locating the cause of war in human nature. However, he also notes that to link human nature to war is not easily done (there is, of course, much debate over exactly what human nature is--or even if there is such a given nature), and that political matters must be taken into account. As he considers the contributions of the behavioral sciences, he notes that (page 79) "The more fully behavioral scientists take account of politics, the more sensible and the more modest their efforts to contribute to peace become."
The second level of analysis is the structure of states themselves. He notes that some have argued that if the state had a proper structure, then peace would result. He considers, for instance, liberal theorists of the 19th century who made that point. One problem: While trying to create more liberal states, what about those illiberal ones who may engage in conflict? What then? The structure of the state won't prevent self-defense. Indeed, some liberals, like Thomas Paine, wanted to use force to democratize the world.
The final level of analysis is the structure of the international system itself. The main point here is that that system can be termed "anarchy." There is no central force to prevent outbreaks of violence. So, violence will occur. Interestingly, he begins the chapter on international anarchy with a quotation from Cicero (page 159) "For what can be done against force without force." States need to protect themselves when there is no mechanism to maintain peace; they will act in their national interest when threatened. The end result is the possibility of war whenever a country might be threatened. In Waltz' words (page 227): "According to the third image, there is a constant possibility of war in a world in which there are two or more states each seeking to promote a set of interests and having no agency upon which they can rely for protection."
In short, all three levels (images) must be understood. None is irrelevant. But the key to understanding war is the state of international anarchy. The book holds up well over time. It still presents a useful message, albeit from the hard-nosed realist position. Neocons won't like the argument that changing the structure of states won't make a lot of difference as long as there is international anarchy. Anyhow, for those interested in a fairly hard-headed analysis, this book still serves a useful purpose.

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¡Excelente, Excellent!Review Date: 2008-08-08
Book cover commercialization?Review Date: 2007-09-23
Amazon Purchases August 9, 2007Review Date: 2007-08-09
I received the product in the condition advertised, in two days.
I am completely satisfied with the purchase and service.
He heard a different drummer- The sun is but a morning starReview Date: 2006-01-15
Throreau when he went into the woods of Walden Pond on July 4, 1845 , a journey in solitude which would last just two years and two months, was the archetypal American individualist. He was the man 'doing his own thing' living in accordance with what only he could know was right for himself. This idea of 'radical individualism' has become part of the American common faith. Its abuses are legion and may be disastrous, but it also has brought about not simply 'better mousetraps' but a whole vast world of innovations and innovators, the like of which Mankind has never known before.
Thoreau as he writes in his introduction went to the woods to explore not simply the natural world, the outdoors he so much loved. He went to the woods to truly go more deeply into and know himself. As he says in his introduction:
" I should not talk so much about myself if there were anybody else whom I knew as well. Unfortunately, I am confined to this theme by the narrowness of my experience. Moreover, I, on my side, require of every writer, first or last, a simple and sincere account of his own life, and not merely what he has heard of other men's lives; some such account as he would send to his kindred from a distant land; for if he has lived sincerely, it must have been in a distant land to me."
Thoreau in that enigmatic, epigrammatic aphoristic style, he shared with his great mentor and fellow pioneering poet- philosopher, Emerson connects the world within with the world without , connects the Concord woods with the Cosmos . He creates a work in 'Walden' of singular beauty and of its own special economy and principles in thought.
Thoreau was too an abolitionist, an opponent of the Mexican war, a civil disobedient who refused to pay the poll tax-, a pioneer
whose followers would include Gandhi and Martin Luther King Jr.
But in his close looking at the world of nature and the world of himself he was first a great explorer of life and reality going out alone in his own way- however geographically close he may have been to home.
His words and his wisdom waken us even today to the hope of new and better worlds i.e. he also embodied the spirit of a great American optimism.
The great individual teaches us even in dark hours to find new worlds in ourselves outside our own darknesses. " There are new worlds yet to be born" he writes, " The sun is but a morning star"
Awful introductionReview Date: 2006-01-05
In addition the type and pages are too small. You will want a larger volume with room for underlining and note-taking when you read this Walden.

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Logic at workReview Date: 2008-05-03
Easy to read and the examples are to the point. I would recommend this book to anyone wanting a course in logic.
Logic courses text bookReview Date: 2005-10-03
The Logic BookReview Date: 2007-04-15
Eh. It's Okay, I guess.Review Date: 2005-06-05
It Depends...Review Date: 2005-11-16
In my opinion, the chapters on truth-trees and derivations are the best. I found this book's method for universal and existential generalization and instantiation much easier to apply than the method introduced in some other textbooks. The most difficult chapters are those on metatheory.
I would have liked more guidance on constructing proofs in English and a more general outline of the method for mathematical induction. Standard paraphrases are introduced and rigorously applied for translating from English to SL but unfortunately not for translating from English to PL, which is more difficult.
I agree with a previous reviewer that this book could have made better use of graphics. There are some tables and boxes for definitions, strategies and lists of rules, but perhaps not enough. There are glossaries at the end of most chapters, but these could be extended.
While this book does not require any previous exposure to logic, it may prove difficult for many without this exposure or a patient instructor. Whether this textbook will be helpful to you probably also depends on your interests in logic. I was not interested in the chapters on metatheory. The book does not cover inductive, traditional, modal, epistemic or deontic logic.
Copi's "Introduction to Logic", Gensler's "Introduction to Logic" and Kahane and Tidman's "Logic and Philosophy: A Modern Introduction" are easier and more user friendly than this book and introduce some important areas of logic not covered in this book. If you want a good introduction to logic to help you evaluate and construct arguments for philosophy, then I recommend any of these three books. For those who want a more difficult and focused introduction I recommend "The Logic Book".
Related Subjects: Linguistics Semiotics European Philosophy American Philosophy
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